Modulation of adipokines and cytokines in gestational diabetes
OBJECTIVE
Not a lot is understood concerning the implication of adipokines and totally different cytokines in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and macrosomia. The aim of this research was to evaluate the profile of those hormones and cytokines in macrosomic infants, born to gestational diabetic girls.
METHODS
A complete of 59 girls (age, 19-42 yr) affected by GDM with their macrosomic infants (4.35 +/- 0.06 kg) and 60 wholesome age-matched pregnant girls and their newborns (3.22 +/- 0.08 kg) have been chosen.
Serum adipokines (adiponectin and leptin) have been quantified utilizing an obesity-related a number ofELISA microarray package. The concentrations of serum cytokines have been decided by ELISA.
RESULTS
Serum adiponectin ranges have been decreased, whereas the concentrations of leptin, inflammatory cytokines, similar to IL-6 and TNF-alpha, have been considerably elevated in gestational diabetic moms in contrast with management girls.
The degrees of those adipocytokines have been diminished in macrosomic infants compared with their age-matched management newborns. Serum concentrations of T helper kind 1 (Th1) cytokines (IL-2 and interferon-gamma) have been decreased, whereas IL-10 ranges have been considerably enhanced in gestational diabetic moms in contrast with management girls.
Macrosomic youngsters exhibited excessive ranges of Th1 cytokines and low ranges of IL-10 in contrast with management infants. Serum IL-Four ranges weren’t altered between gestational diabetic moms and management moms or the macrosomic infants and new child management infants.
CONCLUSIONS
GDM is linked to the down-regulation of adiponectin together with Th1 cytokines and up-regulation of leptin and inflammatory cytokines. Macrosomia was related to the up-regulation of Th1 cytokines and the down-regulation of the obesity-related brokers (IL-6 and TNF-alpha, leptin, and adiponectin).
novecsin
Human Inhibitor Of Kappa-Light Polypeptide Gene Enhancer In B-Cells Kinase Beta (IkBKb) ELISA Kit
Description: A polyclonal antibody against IKBKB. Recognizes IKBKB from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:1000-1:2000, IHC:1:25-1:100
Description: A polyclonal antibody against IKBKB. Recognizes IKBKB from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: IHC, ELISA;IHC:1/100-1/300.ELISA:1/10000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against IKBKB. Recognizes IKBKB from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB
Description: A polyclonal antibody against IKBKB. Recognizes IKBKB from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, IHC, ELISA;WB:1/500-1/2000.IHC:1/100-1/300.ELISA:1/5000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against IKBKB. Recognizes IKBKB from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC, IF; Recommended dilution: WB:1:500-1:5000, IHC:1:500-1:1000, IF:1:50-1:200
Description: Description of target: NFKB1 or NFKB2 is bound to REL, RELA, or RELB to form the NFKB complex. The NFKB complex is inhibited by I-kappa-B proteins (NFKBIA or NFKBIB), which inactivate NF-kappa-B by trapping it in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of serine residues on the I-kappa-B proteins by kinases (IKBKA or IKBKB) marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway, thereby allowing activation of the NF-kappa-B complex. Activated NFKB complex translocates into the nucleus and binds DNA at kappa-B-binding motifs such as 5-prime GGGRNNYYCC 3-prime or 5-prime HGGARNYYCC 3-prime (where H is A, C, or T; R is an A or G purine; and Y is a C or T pyrimidine).NFKB1 (MIM 164011) or NFKB2 (MIM 164012) is bound to REL (MIM 164910), RELA (MIM 164014), or RELB (MIM 604758) to form the NFKB complex. The NFKB complex is inhibited by I-kappa-B proteins (NFKBIA, MIM 164008, or NFKBIB, MIM 604495), which inactivate NF-kappa-B by trapping it in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of serine residues on the I-kappa-B proteins by kinases (IKBKA, MIM 600664, or IKBKB) marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway, thereby allowing activation of the NF-kappa-B complex. Activated NFKB complex translocates into the nucleus and binds DNA at kappa-B-binding motifs such as 5-prime GGGRNNYYCC 3-prime or 5-prime HGGARNYYCC 3-prime (where H is A, C, or T; R is an A or G purine; and Y is a C or T pyrimidine)... Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications. PRIMARYREFSEQ_SPAN PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN COMP 1-203 AL708460.1 9-211 204-3077 AF080158.1 170-3043 3078-3916 AK023193.1 1980-2818;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: < 0.059ng/mL
Description: Description of target: The protein encoded by this gene phosphorylates the inhibitor in the inhibitor/NF-kappa-B complex, causing dissociation of the inhibitor and activation of NF-kappa-B. The encoded protein itself is found in a complex of proteins. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and some not, have been found for this gene.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.79 ng/mL
Description: Description of target: The protein encoded by this gene phosphorylates the inhibitor in the inhibitor/NF-kappa-B complex, causing dissociation of the inhibitor and activation of NF-kappa-B. The encoded protein itself is found in a complex of proteins. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and some not, have been found for this gene.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.059 ng/mL
Description: A polyclonal antibody against CHUK/IKBKB. Recognizes CHUK/IKBKB from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, IHC, ELISA;WB:1/500-1/2000.IHC:1/100-1/300.ELISA:1/20000
Description: The protein encoded by this gene phosphorylates the inhibitor in the inhibitor/NF-kappa-B complex, causing dissociation of the inhibitor and activation of NF-kappa-B. The encoded protein itself is found in a complex of proteins. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and some not, have been found for this gene.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene phosphorylates the inhibitor in the inhibitor/NF-kappa-B complex, causing dissociation of the inhibitor and activation of NF-kappa-B. The encoded protein itself is found in a complex of proteins. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and some not, have been found for this gene.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene phosphorylates the inhibitor in the inhibitor/NF-kappa-B complex, causing dissociation of the inhibitor and activation of NF-kappa-B. The encoded protein itself is found in a complex of proteins. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and some not, have been found for this gene.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Phospho-IKBKB (Tyr199). Recognizes Phospho-IKBKB (Tyr199) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IF;IF:1:100-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Phospho-IKBKB (Tyr199). Recognizes Phospho-IKBKB (Tyr199) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IF;IF:1:100-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Phospho-IKBKB (Y188). Recognizes Phospho-IKBKB (Y188) from Human, Mouse, Rat, Monkey. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, IHC, ELISA;WB:1/500-1/2000.IHC:1/100-1/300.ELISA:1/10000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Phospho-IKBKB (Y199). Recognizes Phospho-IKBKB (Y199) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, IHC, ELISA;WB:1/500-1/2000.IHC:1/100-1/300.ELISA:1/5000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Phospho-IKBKB (Tyr188). Recognizes Phospho-IKBKB (Tyr188) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;WB:1:500-1:1000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Phospho-IKBKB (Tyr188). Recognizes Phospho-IKBKB (Tyr188) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;WB:1:500-1:1000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against IKBKB. Recognizes IKBKB from Human. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against IKBKB. Recognizes IKBKB from Human. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against IKBKB. Recognizes IKBKB from Human. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against IKBKB (Ab-199). Recognizes IKBKB (Ab-199) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IF;WB:1:500-1:1000, IF:1:100-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against IKBKB (Ab-199). Recognizes IKBKB (Ab-199) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IF;WB:1:500-1:1000, IF:1:100-1:200
Description: Description of target: kinase that may be involved in megakaryocyte polyploidization;Species reactivity: Rat;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.156 ng/mL
Cytokine manufacturing by human airway epithelial cells after publicity to an air air pollution particle is metal-dependent.
Regardless of the numerous epidemiological research supporting the rivalry that ambient air air pollution particles can adversely have an effect on human well being, there is no such thing as a clear settlement as to a biologically believable mechanism which may clarify the acute mortality and morbidity related to publicity to particles lower than 10 microm in measurement.
We examined the speculation that metals current in an air air pollution particle can induce the synthesis and expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNFalpha.
A residual oil fly ash (ROFA) containing the transition metals vanadium, nickel, and iron was used as a mannequin emission supply air air pollution particle. Regular human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells have been uncovered for both 2 or 24 hr to 0, 5, 50, or 200 microg/ml ROFA.
Concentrations of IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-alpha proteins have been measured with commercially accessible ELISAkits. mRNA for these similar cytokines was quantified by RT-PCR.
NHBE cells uncovered to ROFA produced vital quantities of IL-8, IL-6, and TNF, in addition to mRNAs coding for these cytokines.
Cytokine manufacturing was inhibited by the inclusion of both the steel chelator deferoxamine (1.Zero mM) or the free radical scavenger dimethylthiourea (1.Zero mM).
As well as, vanadium containing compounds, however not iron or nickel sulfates, mimicked the results of intact ROFA.
These outcomes display that metals current in ROFA could also be answerable for manufacturing and launch of inflammatory mediators by the respiratory tract epithelium and recommend that these mediators could contribute to the poisonous results of particulate air pollution reported in epidemiology research.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARgC1a) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARgC1a) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARgC1a) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARgC1a) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Description: Description of target: Transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and nuclear receptors. Greatly increases the transcriptional activity of PPARG and thyroid hormone receptor on the uncoupling protein promoter. Can regulate key mitochondrial genes that contribute to the program of adaptive thermogenesis. Plays an essential role in metabolic reprogramming in response to dietary availability through coordination of the expression of a wide array of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Induces the expression of PERM1 in the skeletal muscle in an ESRRA-dependent manner. Also involved in the integration of the circadian rhythms and energy metabolism. Required for oscillatory expression of clock genes, such as ARNTL/BMAL1 and NR1D1, through the coactivation of RORA and RORC, and metabolic genes, such as PDK4 and PEPCK. Isoform 4 specifically activates the expression of IGF1 and suppresses myostatin expression in skeletal muscle leading to muscle fiber hypertrophy.4 Publications;Species reactivity: Mouse;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.078 ng/mL
Description: Description of target: Ppargc1a is a transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and nuclear receptors. Ppargc1a greatly increases the transcriptional activity of PPARG and thyroid hormone receptor on the uncoupling protein promoter. Ppargc1a can regulate key mitochondrial genes that contribute to the program of adaptive thermogenesis.;Species reactivity: Mouse;Application: ELISA;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: < 0.056ng/mL
Description: Description of target: This gene encodes a transcriptional coactivator that induces and coordinates gene expression regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, respiration, hepatic gluconeogenesis, thermogenic program in brown fat and muscle fiber-type switching. Mice lacking the encoded protein exhibit reduced thermogenic capacity, hyperactivity and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Mice lacking the encoded protein specifically in the heart exhibit peripartum cardiomyopathy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.;Species reactivity: Mouse;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.055 ng/mL
Custom Antibody titration by ELISA up to 2 rabbits and 1 bleed
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PPARGC1A. Recognizes PPARGC1A from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;ELISA:1:1000-1:2000, WB:1:200-1:1000
Description: Description of target: Transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and nuclear receptors. Greatly increases the transcriptional activity of PPARG and thyroid hormone receptor on the uncoupling protein promoter. Can regulate key mitochondrial genes that contribute to the program of adaptive thermogenesis. Plays an essential role in metabolic reprogramming in response to dietary availability through coordination of the expression of a wide array of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Induces the expression of PERM1 in the skeletal muscle in an ESRRA-dependent manner. Also involved in the integration of the circadian rhythms and energy metabolism. Required for oscillatory expression of clock genes, such as ARNTL/BMAL1 and NR1D1, through the coactivation of RORA and RORC, and metabolic genes, such as PDK4 and PEPCK.;Species reactivity: Bovine;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.097 ng/mL
Description: Description of target: PPARGC1A is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism. This protein interacts with PPARgamma, which permits the interaction of this protein with multiple transcription factors. This protein can interact with, and regulate the activities of, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). It provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli and the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and is a major factor that regulates muscle fiber type determination. This protein may be also involved in controlling blood pressure, regulating cellular cholesterol homoeostasis, and the development of obesity.The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism. This protein interacts with PPARgamma, which permits the interaction of this protein with multiple transcription factors. This protein can interact with, and regulate the activities of, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). It provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli and the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and is a major factor that regulates muscle fiber type determination. This protein may be also involved in controlling blood pressure, regulating cellular cholesterol homoeostasis, and the development of obesity. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: < 0.055ng/mL
Description: Description of target: The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism. This protein interacts with PPARgamma, which permits the interaction of this protein with multiple transcription factors. This protein can interact with, and regulate the activities of, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). It provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli and the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and is a major factor that regulates muscle fiber type determination. This protein may be also involved in controlling blood pressure, regulating cellular cholesterol homoeostasis, and the development of obesity.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.055 ng/mL
Description: Description of target: Transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and nuclear receptors. Greatly increases the transcriptional activity of PPARG and thyroid hormone receptor on the uncoupling protein promoter. Can regulate key mitochondrial genes that contribute to the program of adaptive thermogenesis. Plays an essential role in metabolic reprogramming in response to dietary availability through coordination of the expression of a wide array of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Induces the expression of PERM1 in the skeletal muscle in an ESRRA-dependent manner. Also involved in the integration of the circadian rhythms and energy metabolism. Required for oscillatory expression of clock genes, such as ARNTL/BMAL1 and NR1D1, through the coactivation of RORA and RORC, and metabolic genes, such as PDK4 and PEPCK.;Species reactivity: Pig;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.048 ng/mL
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human PPARGC1A . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human PPARGC1A . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism. This protein interacts with PPARgamma, which permits the interaction of this protein with multiple transcription factors. This protein can interact with, and regulate the activities of, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). It provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli and the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and is a major factor that regulates muscle fiber type determination. This protein may be also involved in controlling blood pressure, regulating cellular cholesterol homoeostasis, and the development of obesity.
Description: Description of target: Transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and nuclear receptors. Greatly increases the transcriptional activity of PPARG and thyroid hormone receptor on the uncoupling protein promoter. Can regulate key mitochondrial genes that contribute to the program of adaptive thermogenesis. Plays an essential role in metabolic reprogramming in response to dietary availability through coordination of the expression of a wide array of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Induces the expression of PERM1 in the skeletal muscle in an ESRRA-dependent manner. Also involved in the integration of the circadian rhythms and energy metabolism. Required for oscillatory expression of clock genes, such as ARNTL/BMAL1 and NR1D1, through the coactivation of RORA and RORC, and metabolic genes, such as PDK4 and PEPCK. ;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.19 ng/mL
Description: Description of target: Transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and nuclear receptors. Greatly increases the transcriptional activity of PPARG and thyroid hormone receptor on the uncoupling protein promoter. Can regulate key mitochondrial genes that contribute to the program of adaptive thermogenesis. Plays an essential role in metabolic reprogramming in response to dietary availability through coordination of the expression of a wide array of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Induces the expression of PERM1 in the skeletal muscle in an ESRRA-dependent manner. Also involved in the integration of the circadian rhythms and energy metabolism. Required for oscillatory expression of clock genes, such as ARNTL/BMAL1 and NR1D1, through the coactivation of RORA and RORC, and metabolic genes, such as PDK4 and PEPCK. ;Species reactivity: Rat;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.078 ng/mL
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human Ppargc1a - middle region. This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human Ppargc1a - C-terminal region. This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARgC1a) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARgC1a) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARgC1a) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARgC1a) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARgC1a) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Mouse Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Mouse Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Andres
 ELISA Kit)
)
 (pORF))
 (OKCD09224))
 (OKEH04742))
 (OKAN04736))
)
)
)
)
 Antibody)
 Antibody)
)
)
)
 Antibody)
 Antibody)
 Antibody)
)
)
 Antibody)
 Antibody)
 (pPB-C-His))
 (pPB-N-His))
 (pPM-C-HA))
 (pPM-C-His))
 (Target 1))
 (Target 2))
 (Target 3))
 : 96 Wells (OKEH01391))
 (pORF))
 (pORF))
 ELISA Kit)
 ELISA Kit)
 (OKEH03302))
 (OKCD09046))
 (OKAN05139))
)
 (pORF))
 (OKEH03905))
 (OKCD09045))
 (OKCD09047))
 (OKAN05764))
 (OKAN05769))
 (OKEH06629))
)
)
)
 Peptide)
 (pPB-C-His))
 (pPB-N-His))
 (pPM-C-HA))
 (pPM-C-His))
 (Target 1))
 (Target 2))
 (Target 3))
 : 96 Wells (OKEH00824))
 : 96 Wells (OKEH00825))
 (pORF))
 (pORF))
)
)
 ELISA Kit)
 ELISA kit)
)
 ELISA Kit)
ELISA kit)
 Antibody)